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ACUTE PANCREATITIS-What is the role of alcohol in the development of acute pancreatitis?
What is the role of alcohol in the development of acute pancreatitis? Alcohol is one of the two major causes of acute pancreatitis (AP), together with gallstone disease, and is a clearly established causal risk factor. However, alcohol exposure alone is not...
ACUTE PANCREATITIS-What are the pathophysiological mechanisms of acute pancreatitis of biliary origin?
What are the pathophysiological mechanisms of acute pancreatitis of biliary origin? Acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP) is initiated predominantly by the passage of a gallstone, sludge, or microlith through the distal common bile duct and the ampulla of Vater....
ACUTE PANCREATITIS-What is the clinical course of acute pancreatitis?
What is the clinical course of acute pancreatitis? The clinical course of acute pancreatitis (AP) is highly heterogeneous. Most patients experience a self-limited illness, whereas a minority develop persistent organ failure, pancreatic/peripancreatic necrosis,...
ACUTE PANCREATITIS-What are the causes of acute pancreatitis?
What are the causes of acute pancreatitis? Acute pancreatitis (AP) has a multifactorial aetiology. In contemporary clinical practice, gallstones and alcohol remain the two dominant causes, while hypertriglyceridaemia, drugs, post-ERCP pancreatitis, metabolic...
ACUTE PANCREATITIS-What cellular mechanisms initiate acute pancreatitis?
What cellular mechanisms initiate acute pancreatitis? The current evidence indicates that acute pancreatitis (AP) does not begin with a single molecular event. Rather, diverse initiating insults—such as gallstone-related bile acid exposure, alcohol metabolites,...
PANCREAS-What are the glandular systems integrated by the pancreas?
What are the glandular systems integrated by the pancreas? The pancreas is the only organ in the human body to integrate both an exocrine and an endocrine component: The exocrine portion constitutes approximately 90% of the pancreas and includes the acini, the central...
ACUTE PANCREATITIS-How is acute pancreatitis defined?
How is acute pancreatitis defined? Definition and diagnostic criteria of acute pancreatitis Acute pancreatitis is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas that can range from mild and self-limiting to severe disease with organ failure and local and systemic...
ACUTE PANCREATITIS-Why is early management of acute pancreatitis important?
Why is early management of acute pancreatitis important? Early management of acute pancreatitis (AP) is important because the first hours of the disease are the critical window in which clinicians can identify patients at risk of persistent organ failure, correct...
ACUTE PANCREATITIS-How is acute pancreatitis (AP) defined?
How is acute pancreatitis (AP) defined? Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory process affecting the exocrine pancreas, characterized by premature intraparenchymal activation of digestive enzymes, which can also involve peripancreatic tissues and/or distant organ...
URETHRAL INJURIES-What are the main causes of anterior versus posterior urethral injuries?
The main causes of anterior versus posterior urethral injuries are as follows: Anterior Urethral Injuries: • Blunt Trauma: The most common cause of anterior urethral injuries is blunt trauma, particularly straddle injuries, where the perineum strikes a hard...
