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TitleCategories
5-NUCLEOTIDASE
ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURISM-What is an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm?
ABDOMINAL DISTENSION-causes of abdominal distension
Abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant
ABDOMINAL PAIN-approach to abdominal pain
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA-treatment algorithm
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA-what is the role of laparoscopy in abdominal trauma ?
ABDOMINOPLASTY-What can be the intra- and post-operative complications of abdominoplasty?
ACALCULIA-causes of acalculia
ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS-causes
ACHILLES TENDON-causes of decreased Achilles tendon reflex
ACROCYANOSIS-differential diagnosis
ACROMEGALY
ACTH-causes of ACTH reduction
ACTH-causes of increased ACTH
ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE-What is active surveillance in healthcare?
ACUTE ABDOMEN – everything to know about acute abdomen
Acute appendicitis in adults
ACUTE APPENDICITIS-acute appendicitis definition
ACUTE APPENDICITIS-epidemiology of acute appendicitis
ACUTE APPENDICITIS-morbidity and mortality of acute appendicitis
ACUTE APPENDICITIS-What is the role of laparoscopy in acute appendicitis?
ACUTE APPENDICITIS-With which diseases should the differential diagnosis of acute appendicitis be made?
Acute cholecystitis and cholangitis in adults
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS-clinical presentation
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS-complications
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS-diagnosis
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS-etiology
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS-incidence and prevalence
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS-pathophysiology
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS-prevention
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS-risk factors
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS-severity grading
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS-severity of patient’s situation
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS-treatment
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS-trends and future directions
ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS-what is the role of laparoscopy in acute cholecystitis?
Acute diverticulitis
ACUTE LARGE BOWEL OBSTRUCTION-mechanical causes of large bowel obstruction
ACUTE MESENTERIC LYMPHADENITIS
ACUTE PANCREATITIS
ACUTE PANCREATITIS-How does acute pancreatitis present in different patients?
ACUTE PANCREATITIS-What percentage of patients develop complications of acute pancreatitis?
ADBOMINOPLASTY-What are the risks of combining abdominoplasty with other procedures?
ADENOPATHY
ADIPONECTIN
ADRENAL GLANDS-anatomy and physiology
Advanced chronic liver disease-management after removal/suppression of the primary aetiological factor
AESTHETIC SKIN CHECK-UP-what is?
AFLATOXINS
ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE
ALBUMIN
ALT predominant hepatocellular damage
AMYLASE-causes of increased amylase values
ANAL CANCER-treatment for localized anal cancer
ANAL CANCER-treatment for stage IV
ANAL FISSURE-How are acute and chronic anal fissures differentiated?
ANAL FISSURE-How are anal fissures classified?
ANAL FISSURE-is there a role for antibiotic therapy? 
ANAL FISSURE-what are the indications for surgical treatment and what is the appropriate timing for surgery?
ANAL FISSURE-What is an anal fissure?
ANAL FISSURE-what is the appropriate approach for pain control?
ANAL FISSURE-What is the clinical relevance of anal fissure classifications?
ANAL FISSURE-what is the most appropriate surgical approach?
ANAL FISSURE-What is the relevant anatomy in anal fissure?
ANAL FISSURE-what is the role of clinical examination and biochemical investigations?
ANAL FISSURE-what is the role of non-operative management?
ANAL FISSURE-What is the significance of the posterior and anterior midline in diagnosing anal fissures?
ANAL FISSURE-Where are anal fissures most commonly located?
ANAL FISSURE-which are the appropriate imaging investigations?
ANAL FISSURE-Why is an anal fissure more frequently located in the posterior commissure?
ANAL FISSURE-why is anal fissure significant in clinical practice?
ANAL FISSURE-Why is there a need for standardized classifications for anal fissures?
ANAL FISTULA-How long should a seton placed for an anal fistula be left in place?
ANAL FISTULA-How to manage a seton placed in an anal fistula?
ANAL FISTULA-What are the most common complications associated with seton placement in anal fistula?
ANAL WARTS-What is the approach to treating anal warts?
ANEMIA-Where can early signs of anemia be found in the mucous membranes?
ANESTHESIOLOGY-modern scope of practice
ANO-RECTAL PAIN-CAUSES
ANORECTAL ABSCESS-what are the appropriate imaging investigations?
ANORECTAL ABSCESS-what are the indications for fistula treatment in the acute setting?
ANORECTAL ABSCESS-what are the indications for surgical treatment and what is the appropriate timing for surgery? 
ANORECTAL ABSCESS-what is the role of clinical examination and biochemical investigations?
ANORECTAL ABSCESS-what is the role of wound packing after surgical drainage? 
ANORECTAL ABSCESS-What is?
ANORECTAL DISEASE-most important aspects in the diagnosis of anorectal disease
Anti-streptolysin O titre (ASO or ASLO) positive
ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODIES (ANA)
Aortic arch-major branch order
AORTIC STENOSIS-most common causes of aortic stenosis
ASCITES-Preventing further decompensation in patients with ascites
ASCITES-What should be tested in ascitic fluid?
ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE
AST-predominant hepatocellular damage
AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD DONATION-indications
Axillary artery branches
BACK PAIN-causes of back pain
BARIATRIC SURGERY-trends in bariatric surgery
BILIARY DYSKINESIA
BILIRUBIN
BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS OF THE BODY
BLADDER INJURIES-How should extraperitoneal bladder injuries be managed?
BLADDER INJURIES-What is the management strategy for intraperitoneal bladder rupture?
BLADDER INJURIES-What is the treatment for bladder contusion?
BLADDER INJURIES-What should be done if a bladder injury is associated with severe hemodynamic instability?
BLADDER INJURIES-When is surgical repair of extraperitoneal bladder rupture indicated?
BLOOD PRESSURE-why blood pressure is checked on the left arm than the right arm?
BLOOD TRANSFUSION-How much does hemoglobin and hematocrit increase after the transfusion of a bag of packed red blood cells?
BLOOD TRANSFUSION-What is the response to increased hemoglobin and hematocrit in patients with specific conditions?
BLOOD TRANSFUSION-Why is it important to monitor the temperature of blood and other transfused fluids?
BLUE MAN SYNDROME
Bowel components
Branches of internal iliac artery
Budd-Chiari syndrome-diagnosis
Budd-Chiari syndrome-management
Budd-Chiari syndrome–definition
BULIMIA-CAUSES
BURNING IN THE TONGUE-causes
CA 19-9 (gastrointestinal cancer associated antigen)
CALF PAIN-CAUSES
CANCER OF THE ESOPHAGUS-treatment
CANCER-chances of recovering from cancer
CANCER-test that definitively demonstrates the presence of a tumor
CANCER-treatment
CANCER-tumor markers
CANCER-weight loss
CARDIAC ARREST-definition
CARDIAC OUTPUT-clinical relevance
CARDIAC OUTPUT-what is?
CAROTID ARTERIAL PULSE-parvus and tardus carotid arterial pulse
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME-In which conditions is seen?
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME-What are the common differential diagnoses?
CECUM-What is observed clinically in case of ischemic pain of the cecum?
CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER-In what position should the patient be positioned during central venous catheter removal and why?
CEREBELLAR SIGNS
CHEMOTHERAPY-definition
CHOLECYSTECTOMY-indications,
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-How do you compare cholecystostomy with cholecystectomy in terms of risks and benefits?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-How does biliary physiology change after a cholecystectomy?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-How is a dislocation of the drainage of a cholecystostomy managed?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-How is drainage managed after a cholecystostomy?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-How is the patency of the cholecystostomy tube assessed?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-What are the alternatives to cholecystostomy in fragile patients?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-What are the common contraindications for cholecystostomy?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-What are the common indications for cholecystostomy?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-What are the immediate complications of cholecystostomy?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-What are the late complications of cholecystostomy?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-What are the potential complications of cholecystostomy?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-What are the signs indicating that cholecystostomy is not effective?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-What are the signs of malfunction of the drainage of the cholecystostomy?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-What are the signs of malfunction of the drainage of the cholecystostomy?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-What are the signs that indicate cholecystostomy is effective?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-What are the techniques available to perform a cholecystostomy?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-What are the therapeutic options following cholecystostomy?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-What happens to bile when a cholecystostomy is performed?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-What is cholecystostomy?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-What kind of follow-up is required after a cholecystostomy?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-What should be done if cholecystostomy is not effective?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-When can the drainage of cholecystostomy be removed?
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY-When is a cholecystostomy preferable to a cholecystectomy?
CHOLESTEROLEMIA-When is it recommended to measure cholesterol levels, fasting or after meals?
CHYLOTHORAX-epidemiology of chylothorax
CHYLOTHORAX-etiology of chylothorax
CHYLOTHORAX-pathophysiology of chylothorax
CHYLOTHORAX-what is chylothorax
Cirrhosis recompensation-definition
CIRRHOSIS-Anticoagulation and PVT in cirrhosis
CIRRHOSIS-diagnosis of clinically significant portal hypertension
CIRRHOSIS-Impact of non-aetiological therapies
CIRRHOSIS-Prevention of (first) decompensation
CIRRHOSIS-Prevention of further decompensation
CIRRHOSIS-Role of infections in decompensated cirrhosis
CIRRHOSIS-The role of sarcopenia and frailty in further decompensation
CLUBBING-Where is clubbing of the fingers or toes first observed?
COLON CANCER-difference between left and right colon cancer
COLONOSCOPY
COLORECTAL CANCER – What to tell patients who should stop screening for CRC?
COLORECTAL CANCER-How common is intestinal obstruction as a mode of onset for colon cancer?
COLORECTAL CANCER-How is colon cancer blockage diagnosed?
COLORECTAL CANCER-How many new cases of colorectal cancer have occurred worldwide?
COLORECTAL CANCER-In which type of patients does obstructed colon cancer frequently occur?
COLORECTAL CANCER-indications for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in older adults
COLORECTAL CANCER-Recommended Age for Screening
COLORECTAL CANCER-What are the clinical signs of intestinal obstruction due to colon cancer in the absence of complications?
COLORECTAL CANCER-What are the postoperative mortality and morbidity rates associated with obstructive colon cancer?
COLORECTAL CANCER-What aspects of the patient should be evaluated before surgery for intestinal obstruction due to colon cancer?
COLORECTAL CANCER-What is the position of colorectal cancer among the causes of cancer death globally and in various countries?
COLORECTAL CANCER-What is the prevalence of colorectal cancer worldwide?
COLORECTAL CANCER-What is the prognostic impact of intestinal obstruction in colon cancer?
COLORECTAL CANCER-What is the role of abdominal CT with contrast in the pre-therapeutic evaluation of intestinal obstruction due to colon cancer?
COLORECTAL CANCER-What therapeutic measures should be taken immediately after the clinical diagnosis of intestinal obstruction due to colon cancer and before imaging?
COLORECTAL CANCER-When can a chest CT scan be performed to look for lung metastases in cases of intestinal obstruction due to colon cancer?
COLORECTAL CANCER-When is antibiotic therapy given in colon cancer intestinal obstruction?
COLORECTAL FOREIGN BODY – How can serious complications be prevented in the case of colorectal foreign body?
COLORECTAL FOREIGN BODY – What are the main symptoms associated with the presence of a foreign body in the colon or rectum?
COLORECTAL FOREIGN BODY – What are the potential complications that can arise if a colorectal foreign body is left untreated?
COLORECTAL FOREIGN BODY – What are the treatment options for removal of a colorectal foreign body?
COLORECTAL FOREIGN BODY – What factors can influence the choice of treatment for a colorectal foreign body?
COLORECTAL FOREIGN BODY – What is a colorectal foreign body and how can it occur?
COLORECTAL FOREIGN BODY – Why is it important to intervene quickly in case of colorectal foreign body?
COLORECTAL POLYPS
COLORETTAL FOREIGN BODY-Which are the diagnostic tests used to identify a colorectal foreign body?
Compensated advanced chronic liver disease
Compensated advanced chronic liver disease-Spleen stiffness measurement
CONTINOUS FEVER-causes
COSMETOLOGICAL SKIN CHECK-UP PREPARATION
COUGH-TYPES OF COUGH
CROHN’S DISEASE-Treatment of fistulizing Crohn’s disease
CROHN’S DISEASE-Treatment of perianal disease
CROHN’S DISEASE-Treatment of stenosing Crohn’s disease
DERCUM DISEASE-What is Dercum’s disease?
DIABETES- What is the management and treatment of diabetic retinopathy?
DIABETES-diagnostic criteria
DIABETES-etiologic classification
DIABETES-How common is diabetic kidney disease?
DIABETES-How to make diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease?
DIABETES-How to prevent diabetic retinopathy?
DIABETES-What are the main complications associated with diabetes?
DIABETES-what are the management strategies of diabetic kidney disease?
DIABETES-what are the stages of diabetic retinopathy?
DIABETES-what are the symptoms diabetic of retinopathy?
DIABETES-What is diabetic retinopathy?
DIABETES-What is the pathophysiology of diabetic kidney disease?
DIABETES-What role does age play in diabetes incidence and complications?
DIABETES-Why is there a concern about cancer, infections, and cognitive decline in diabetic patients?
DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS-7 myths to beat
Diagnosis of clinically significant portal hypertension in patients with compensated advanced chronic liver disease
DIAGNOSTIC PERITONEAL LAVAGE-accuracy,
DIAGNOSTIC PERITONEAL LAVAGE-advantages and limitations,
DIAGNOSTIC PERITONEAL LAVAGE-complications,
DIAGNOSTIC PERITONEAL LAVAGE-indications and contraindications,
DIAGNOSTIC PERITONEAL LAVAGE-interpretation,
DIAGNOSTIC PERITONEAL LAVAGE-procedure
DIAGNOSTIC PERITONEAL LAVAGE-what is?
Diaphragm apertures
DIFFUSE ABDOMINAL PAIN-causes
DIGITAL RECTAL EXAM
DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION-What is the purpose of digital rectal examination in the context of intestinal obstruction?
DILATED SUPERFICIAL ABDOMINAL VEINS-causes
Diuretics and anti-inflammatory interactions
DIVERTICULAR DISEASE-Diverticular hemorrhage
DIVERTICULITIS-What is the incidence of recurrence after a single episode of diverticulitis?
DRUG-ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
DRUGS IN PREGNANCY
DUODENAL STUPM-How to treat duodenal stump with Pezzer drainage?
DUODENAL ULCER DISEASE-risk factors associated with duodenal ulcer
Duodenum-lengths of parts
DYSPHAGIA-What is the definition of dysphagia?
DYSPNEA-6P of dyspnea
DYSPNEA-TYPES OF DYSPNEA
ENDOTHELIN
ENTEROPATHIC ACRODERMATITIS
EOSINOPHILIC GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE-clinical manifestations
EOSINOPHILIC GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE-definition
EOSINOPHILIC GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE-diagnosis,
EOSINOPHILIC GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE-differential diagnosis
EOSINOPHILIC GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE-histological criteria
EOSINOPHILIC GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE-laboratory findings
EOSINOPHILIC GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE-management,
Eosinophilic granuloma (Langerhans cell histiocytosis)
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis(Churg-Strauss syndrome)-clinical presentation
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis(Churg-Strauss syndrome)-definition
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis(Churg-Strauss syndrome)-diagnosis
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis(Churg-Strauss syndrome)-differential diagnosis
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis(Churg-Strauss syndrome)-epidemiology
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis(Churg-Strauss syndrome)-etiology
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis(Churg-Strauss syndrome)-imaging studies
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis(Churg-Strauss syndrome)-laboratory test
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis(Churg-Strauss syndrome)-prognosis
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis(Churg-Strauss syndrome)-treatment
Epigastric abdominal pain-causes
ESOPHAGEAL VARICES-Acute variceal bleeding
ESOPHAGEAL VARICES-In what situations is octreotide used for bleeding esophageal varices?
ESOPHAGEAL VARICES-Preventing recurrent variceal haemorrhage (secondary prophylaxis)
Esophageal varices-Varices and screening endoscopy in patients that cannot be treated with non-selective beta blockers
EXTEMPORANEOUS HISTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
EYE PAIN-CAUSES
FACIAL SWELLING-CAUSES
FEMORAL TRIANGLE
FIBROLIPOMA-What is a fibrolipoma?
FINGER CLUBBING-causes
FLUORESCENCE IN SURGERY-What are the indications for the use?
Folic Acid
FRESH FROZEN PLASMA TRANSFUSION
GALLBLADDER STONES-Difference with Kidney Stones
GALLBLADDER STONES-What are gallbladder stones?
GALLSTONES-Are certain medical conditions associated with a higher risk of gallstones?
GALLSTONES-Are gallstones more common in certain age groups?
GALLSTONES-Are there any specific risk factors for developing gallstones?
GALLSTONES-Can diet influence the formation of gallstones?
GALLSTONES-Can gallstones be asymptomatic?
GALLSTONES-Can gallstones cause liver problems?
GALLSTONES-Can herbal supplements help in managing gallstones?
GALLSTONES-connection between rapid weight loss and gallstones
GALLSTONES-diet after gallbladder removal
GALLSTONES-dietary changes that help prevent gallstones
GALLSTONES-difference between laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy
GALLSTONES-fully recover time from gallbladder surgery
GALLSTONES-history of knowledge of gallstones
GALLSTONES-home remedies
GALLSTONES-How are gallstones diagnosed?
GALLSTONES-How common are gallstones?
GALLSTONES-How do gallstones form?
GALLSTONES-How does the healthcare system manage gallstone-related issues?
GALLSTONES-in pregnant women
GALLSTONES-Is there a genetic predisposition to developing gallstones?
GALLSTONES-life without a gallbladder
GALLSTONES-medications used to dissolve gallstones
GALLSTONES-new treatments
GALLSTONES-non-surgical treatments
GALLSTONES-peculiarities in children and adolescents
GALLSTONES-potential long-term effects of gallbladder removal
GALLSTONES-prevention
GALLSTONES-prognosis
GALLSTONES-recommendation for surgery
GALLSTONES-recovery process after gallbladder surgery
GALLSTONES-reoccur after treatment
GALLSTONES-specific concerns for elderly patient
GALLSTONES-specific foods to avoid and those allowed
GALLSTONES-use of lithotripsy
GALLSTONES-What are the common symptoms of gallstones?
GALLSTONES-What are the complications associated with gallstones?
GALLSTONES-What are the main causes of gallstones?
GALLSTONES-What are the treatment options for gallstones?
GALLSTONES-What are the types of gallstones?
GALLSTONES-What imaging tests are used to detect gallstones?
GALLSTONES-What is the role of bile in the formation of gallstones?
GALLSTONES-What is the role of ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of biliary tract stones? 
GAMMA-GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE (GGT)
GAMMA-GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE-increase in GGT values
GASTRIC GIST
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD)
GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING-How many milliliters of gastrointestinal bleeding must there be to produce melena?
GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING-How much gastrointestinal bleeding is required to produce clinical signs?
GASTROPARESIS-What are the symptoms and signs of gastroparesis?
GASTROPARESIS-Which medications commonly exacerbate gastroparesis symptoms or delay gastric emptying?
GENERAL APPAEARANCE-What is the importance of carefully examining the patient’s general appearance?
GENERAL APPEARANCE-What elements can be evaluated through the patient’s general appearance?
GERD-treatment algorithm
GILBERT SYNDROME
GIST-Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Classification,
GOUT
GROIN PAIN-causes
GROOVE PANCREATITIS
GROOVED PLANTAR KERATOLYSIS
HAMARTOMA-By what mechanisms do hamartomas cause morbidity?
HAMARTOMA-Can hamartoma degenerate into a malignant tumor?
HAMARTOMA-Do hamartomas spread?
HAMARTOMA-How are hamartomas treated?
HAMARTOMA-What are the complications of hamartomas?
HAMARTOMA-What are the epidemiological data on hamartomas?
HAMARTOMA-What are the hereditary syndromes associated with hamartomatous formation?
HAMARTOMA-What are the histopathological characteristics of hamartomas?
HAMARTOMA-What are the symptoms and signs that can be found in hamartomas?
HAMARTOMA-What is a hamartoma?
HAMARTOMA-What is the prognosis of hamartomas?
HAMARTOMA-What specific procedures are used to treat hamartomas?
HAMARTOMA-What tests will be done to diagnose a hamartoma?
HAMARTOMA-Where do hamartomas grow?
HAMARTOMA-Why do hamartomas form?
HAMARTOMA-With which diseases can the differential diagnosis of hamartomas be made?
HAMARTOMAS
HAND-ASSISTED LAPAROSCOPIC TECHNIQUE-What are the advantages?
HAND-ASSISTED LAPAROSCOPIC TECHNIQUE-Why was abandoned?
HEART RATE-clinical relevance
HEART RATE-what is?
HEMODINAMIC INSTABILITY-What are the key indicators of successful resuscitation in pediatric patients?
HEMOGLOBINURIA-causes
HEMOLISIS-What is hemolysis?
HEMORRHOIDS
HEMORRHOIDS-classification of hemorrhoids
HEMORRHOIDS-therapeutic advice
HEMORRHOIDS-What is the difference between internal and external hemorrhoids?
HEMORRHOIDS-What is the difference between prolapsed internal hemorrhoids and external hemorrhoids?
HEMORRHOIDS-What treatments are recommended for hemorrhoid disease during pregnancy?
HEMORROIDS-What are the indications for surgical treatment of external hemorrhoids?
HEMOSTATIC RESUSCITATION-What is the importance of maintaining pH at 7.3 during hemostatic resuscitation?
HEMOSTATIC RESUSCITATION-What is the primary goal of hemostatic resuscitation?
HEPATIC VEIN PRESSURE GRADIENT
HEPATOCELLULAR DAMAGE
HIATAL HERNIA-Are there alternative imaging options for patients with contraindications to standard modalities?
HIATAL HERNIA-How do obesity and aging affect the incidence of hiatal hernias?
HIATAL HERNIA-How does the Hill classification guide management decisions for reflux disease?
HIATAL HERNIA-How is the esophagogastric valve classified according to Hill?
HIATAL HERNIA-How many types of hiatal hernia are there and which is the most common?
HIATAL HERNIA-What are potential complications unique to paraesophageal hernias?
HIATAL HERNIA-What are the main symptoms of a hiatal hernia?
HIATAL HERNIA-What are the most effective screening strategies for hiatal hernias in older adults?
HIATAL HERNIA-What are the recommended imaging modalities for detecting paraesophageal hernia complications?
HIATAL HERNIA-What is hiatal hernia?
HIATAL HERNIA-What is the main difference between a sliding hernia and a paraesophageal hernia?
HIATAL HERNIA-What medications or foods can exacerbate the symptoms of a hiatal hernia?
HIATAL HERNIA-Which patient populations benefit most from routine hiatal hernia screening in primary care settings?
Hiccups-causes of hiccups
HUMAN ALBUMIN-clinical use
HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULINS FOR INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION-clinical use
HYOID BONE
Hypereosinophilic syndrome
HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA-causes
HYPERKALEMIA-treatment of acute hyperkalemia
HYPERPLASTIC (METAPLASTIC) POLYPS
HYPONATREMIA-What are the symptoms and signs of hyponatremia?
ICHTHYOSIS VULGARIS
INCISIONAL HERNIAS-How common are incisional hernias after abdominal surgery?
INDOCYANINE GREEN-What is the mode (time and dosage) of use in various surgical procedures?
INFLAMMATORY POLYPS
INFUSION OF PROTHROMBIN COMPLEX CONCENTRATES
INGROWN TOENAIL-At what age is it most common?
INGROWN TOENAIL-Can the use of antibiotics improve healing results?
INGROWN TOENAIL-Electrosurgical nail matrixectomy
INGROWN TOENAIL-How common is ingrown toenail?
INGROWN TOENAIL-How does it present clinically?
INGROWN TOENAIL-How long to continue non-surgical treatment?
INGROWN TOENAIL-How to make the diagnosis?
INGROWN TOENAIL-Is removal of granulation tissue necessary?
INGROWN TOENAIL-Matricectomy with phenol
INGROWN TOENAIL-Matricectomy with sodium hydroxide
INGROWN TOENAIL-other terms known
INGROWN TOENAIL-Partial nail avulsion procedure
INGROWN TOENAIL-What are the agents used for chemical cautery of the matrix?
INGROWN TOENAIL-What are the consequences if persist an unresolved toenail?
INGROWN TOENAIL-What are the contraindications for chemical matrixectomy?
INGROWN TOENAIL-What are the contraindications for surgical treatment?
INGROWN TOENAIL-What are the methods for matrixectomy?
INGROWN TOENAIL-What are the post onycectomy advice?
INGROWN TOENAIL-What are the recurrences due to?
INGROWN TOENAIL-What are the results from phenol use?
INGROWN TOENAIL-What are the results from use of trichloroacetic acid?
INGROWN TOENAIL-What are the results of electrosurgical nail bed ablation?
INGROWN TOENAIL-What are the results of laser matrixectomy?
INGROWN TOENAIL-What are the risk factors?
INGROWN TOENAIL-What are the surgical techniques used?
INGROWN TOENAIL-What are the therapeutic indications?
INGROWN TOENAIL-What diseases does the differential diagnosis include?
INGROWN TOENAIL-What is the best intervention to prevent recurrences?
INGROWN TOENAIL-What is the best treatment technique?
INGROWN TOENAIL-What is the goal of nonsurgical treatment?
INGROWN TOENAIL-What is the goal of surgical treatment?
INGROWN TOENAIL-What is the non-surgical treatment?
INGROWN TOENAIL-What type of local anesthesia to use?
INGROWN TOENAIL-What type of treatment to choose?
INGROWN TOENAIL-When does ingrown toenail occur?
INGROWN TOENAIL-When to use nonsurgical treatment?
INGROWN TOENAIL-When to use surgical treatment?
INGROWN TOENAIL-Which is better: total nail avulsion or excision of the nail edge?
INGROWN TOENAIL-Which nail affects the most?
INGROWN TOENAIL-Why is needed matrixectomy?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-Checklist for clinical examination
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-Checklist for history
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-Details to be specified in the diagnosis
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-How is the size of an inguinal hernia measured in the European Hernia Society classification?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-The points in favor of hernia
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-What are the clinical differences between direct and indirect inguinal hernia?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-What are the epidemiological data of femoral hernias?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-What are the epidemiological data of inguinal hernia?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-What are the four major advances that have improved the surgical treatment of inguinal hernia?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-What are the main categories of inguinal hernias?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-What are the parts of hernia?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-What is a possible side effect of fixation of the prosthesis with the laparoscopic technique of inguinal hernia repair?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-What is Hesselbach’s triangle and why is it relevant for direct inguinal hernias?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-What is inguinal and femoral hernia?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-What is Nyhus classifications of inguinal hernias?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-What is the Aachen classification of inguinal hernia?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-What is the advantage of using self-fixing prostheses and self-modeling meshes in inguinal hernia repair?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-What is the definition of hernia?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-What is the difference between a direct and an indirect inguinal hernia?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-What is the etymological origin of the word “hernia” and “hernioplasty”?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-What is the European Hernia Society (EHS) classification of inguinal hernia?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-What is the main cause of indirect inguinal hernia?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-What is the main complication of inguinal hernia surgery?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-What recent innovations have reduced postoperative pain in inguinal hernia repair surgery?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-What was the main innovation introduced by Edoardo Bassini?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-Which aspect has gained greater importance in the evaluation of the effectiveness of inguinal hernioplasty surgery?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-Why is it useful to use the European Hernia Society classification of inguinal hernia in clinical practice?
INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA-Why is the European Hernia Society classification for inguinal hernia more practical than other classifications?
INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION-physiology
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION-How common is intestinal obstruction as a mode of onset for colon cancer?
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION-What repercussions can organic colon obstruction cause?
INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS-Common surgical interventions used for source control
INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS-How does hypoalbuminemia influence the prognosis of intra-abdominal infections?
INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS-How should intra-operative lavage be used during source control?
INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS-How should patient risk be categorized when making decisions regarding management of IAI, including source control and antimicrobial therapy?
INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS-Non-surgical alternatives for source control
INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS-Should higher-risk patients with severe or diffuse peritonitis in whom adequate source control is achieved at the index procedure undergo planned re-laparotomy?
INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS-specific risk scores
INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS-What are the common complications of hypoalbuminemia in patients with intra-abdominal infections?
INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS-What are the criteria for determining the urgency of the initial source control procedure?
INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS-What are the important risk factors for treatment failure and death in patients with intra abdominal infections?
INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS-What is the role of source control in the management of IAI?
INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS-What specific criteria should be used to identify patients with IAI as being at lower or higher risk for treatment failure or death?
INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS-When should the initial source control procedure be undertaken?
INTRA-ABDOMINAL INFECTIONS-Which specific laboratory markers are most predictive of treatment failure in intra-abdominal infections?
INTRA-ADBDOMINAL INFECTIONS-What are the common treatment approaches for hypoalbuminemia?
INTRAOPERATIVE FROZEN SECTION ANALYSIS
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME-What are the symptoms and clinical signs of irritable bowel syndrome?
ISOLATED HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
ISOTONIC FLUIDS AND THEIR USES
JAUNDICE-Where is the earliest sign of jaundice typically found?
JUVENILE POLYPS
KELOIDS-What are?
KIDNEY INJURIES-What are the follow-up imaging recommendations for minor renal injuries (AAST I-II)?
KIDNEY INJURIES-What are the risks of secondary hemorrhage in renal injuries, and how is it monitored?
KIDNEY INJURIES-What imaging techniques are suggested for severe renal injuries (AAST IV-V)?
KIDNEY INJURIES-What is the incidence of renal trauma-induced hypertension in pediatric patients, and what does it imply for follow-up?
KIDNEY INJURIES-What is the recommended approach for follow-up imaging in pediatric patients with renal injuries?
KIDNEY INJURIES-What role does institutional capability play in the management of kidney injuries?
KIDNEY INJURIES-When can a patient return to sports activities after a renal injury?
KIDNEY INJURIES-When is follow-up imaging required for moderate (AAST III) and severe (AAST IV-V) renal injuries?
KIDNEY INJURIES-Why is MRI not a first-line imaging modality?
KIDNEY-The kidneys and their functions
LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE
LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY-What is the advantage of laparoscopic surgery compared to open surgery?
LAPAROSCOPY-Is laparoscopy safe in a patient with abdominal sepsis?
LAPAROSCOPY-what is the role of laparoscopy in abdominal trauma ?
LAPAROSCOPY-What is the role of laparoscopy in acute appendicitis?
LAPAROSCOPY-What is the role of laparoscopy in acute cholecystitis?
LAPAROSCOPY-what is the role of laparoscopy in perforated diverticular disease (PDD) ? 
LAPAROSCOPY-what is the role of laparoscopy in perforated peptic ulcer (PPU)?
LAPAROSCOPY-what is the role of laparoscopy in small bowel obstruction (SBO)? 
LAPAROSTOMY-What is a laparostomy, and what are its potential complications?
LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST POSITIVE-causes
LEFT LOWER ABDOMINAL PAIN-causes
LEFT UPPER QUADRANT ABDOMINAL PAIN-causes
LINITIS PLASTICA-What is linitis plastica?
LIPOMA-Can lipomas be found in pediatric patients?
LIPOMA-Can lipomas degenerate into malignant tumors?
LIPOMA-How do lipoma adipocytes appear histologically?
LIPOMA-How is a lipoma structured at the microscopic level?
LIPOMA-In which age group is a lipoma most common?
LIPOMA-Is recurrence common after complete removal of a lipoma?
LIPOMA-Is there a gender predilection in lipomas?
LIPOMA-What are the possible complications of a lipoma?
LIPOMA-What cells does a lipoma consist of?
LIPOMA-What does a lipoma usually look like?
LIPOMA-What is a lipoma?
LIPOMA-What is a physical characteristic of lipoma on palpation?
LIPOMA-What is pseudo fluctuation in lipomas?
LIPOMA-What is the “slip sign” in lipoma?
LIPOMA-What is the etiology of a lipoma?
LIPOMA-What is the main diagnostic method for lipoma?
LIPOMA-What is the most common location of a lipoma?
LIPOMA-What is the prognosis for lipoma?
LIPOMA-What is the treatment of lipoma?
LIPOMA-What lesions can mimic a lipoma?
LIPOMA-What shape do lipomas typically have?
LIPOMA-What tests can be used in uncertain cases of lipoma?
LIPOMA-When can a lipoma become painful?
LIPOMA-When is surgical treatment of lipoma indicated?
LIPOMA-Where can a lipoma be located?
LIPOMA-Which genetic alteration is associated with lipoma?
LIPOMA-Why is lipoma called the “universal tumor”?
LIPOSARCOMA-Can liposarcoma arise from a lipoma?
LIVER CIRRHOSIS
LIVER FUNCTION TEST
LIVER FUNCTION TEST-cholestatic pattern
LIVER FUNCTION TEST-mixed pattern
LIVER-inferior markings showing right/left lobe vs. vascular divisions
LIVER-role of the liver in the body
LOIN PAIN-causes
Malassezia Furfur-photo
MALIGNANT INTRA-ABDOMINAL TUMORS IN CHILDREN-the most common malignant intra-abdominal tumors in children
MASSIVE HEMORRHAGE-What are the main measures to prevent hypothermia in patients with massive hemorrhage?
MASSIVE HEMORRHAGE-What are the main risks of hypothermia in patients with massive hemorrhage?
MASSIVE HEMORRHAGE-What is the role of fibrinogen and why should it be maintained above 1.5-2 grams per liter in massive hemorrhage?
MASSIVE HEMORRHAGE-Why does maintaining normothermia reduce bleeding and transfusion requirements in massive hemorrhage?
MASSIVE HEMORRHAGE-Why is it important to maintain a hemoglobin (Hb) level between 7 and 9 g/dl in massive hemorrhage?
MASSIVE HEMORRHAGE-Why is it necessary to maintain ionized calcium (Ca) above 0.9 mmol/l in cases of massive hemorrhage?
MASSIVE HEMORRHAGE-Why should platelets be maintained above 100 x 10^9/L in massive bleeding?
MASSIVE TRANSFUSION-What devices can be used to maintain body temperature during a massive transfusion?
MASSIVE-HEMORRHAGE-Why is systematic temperature monitoring essential in patients with massive hemorrhage?
Meckel’s diverticulum-details in 5 two
MEDICAL CAUSES OF ABDOMINAL PAIN
Medical history-How should be the first contact with the patient?
Medical history-What could be the reason for the medical visit?
MEDICAL TRIAD
MELANOMA-Adjuvant RT for local tumor control
MELANOMA-AJCC TNM Staging System for Melanoma,
MELANOMA-Breslow Depth of Invasion,
MELANOMA-Clark staging
MELANOMA-diagnosis
MELANOMA-factors that influence the choice of margin width in melanoma treatment
MELANOMA-Follow-up and long-term implications and survivorship
MELANOMA-How does the location of the melanoma affect the choice of margin width
MELANOMA-In-transit disease
MELANOMA-Incidence and epidemiology of melanoma
MELANOMA-Local Excision Margins for Primary Cutaneous Melanoma
MELANOMA-Management of advanced/metastatic disease
MELANOMA-Molecular characterisation
MELANOMA-Staging and risk assessment
MELANOMA-Targeted therapy
MELANOMA-Treatment of locoregional disease
MELANOMA-use of Adjuvant anti-PD-1
MELANOMA-use of Anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4
MELANOMA-use of Interferon alpha
MELANOMA-What are the risk factors for developing melanoma?
MELANOMA-What is melanoma?
Melena-causes of melena
MEMBRANOUS TONSILLITIS-causes
METABOLIC SYNDROME-What is metabolic syndrome?
METEORISM-causes
METHOTREXATE TOXICITY
MICTURITION-How much urine must be in the bladder to initiate urination?
MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA (MEN)
NAEVOLIPOMA-What can a naevolipoma be mistaken for?
NAUSEA-What is nausea and how is it different from vomiting?
Necrotizing fasciitis in adult
NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS-diagnosis
Neuroendocrine tumors-epidemiology
NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS-familiarity
Neuroendocrine tumors-key points about neuroendocrine tumors
NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS-pathophysiology
NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS-prognosis
Neuroendocrine tumors-Symptoms and Signs
NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS-Treatment
NODULAR FASCIITIS
NON-CIRRHOTIC VASCULAR LIVER DISEASES-Use of anticoagulants
NORMAL COLONOSCOPY REPORT
NORMAL ESOPHAGOGASTRODUODENOSCOPIC REPORT
NUTCRACKER SYNDROME
OBESITY-How could redefining obesity impact public health and medical policies?
OBESITY-How does define clinical obesity and preclinical obesity?
OBESITY-How does the new definition of obesity create problems in medical practice?
OBESITY-How is obesity currently framed in medical practice?
OBESITY-How should obesity be diagnosed at an individual level, given the limitations of Body Mass Index?
OBESITY-Is obesity associated with reduced life expectancy?
OBESITY-What are the main arguments in favor of defining obesity as a disease?
OBESITY-What are the metabolic, mechanical, and mental complications of obesity?
OBESITY-What are the potential consequences of not adopting the new definitions for obesity?
OBESITY-What are the primary concerns regarding labeling obesity as a disease?
OBESITY-What are the recommendations for individuals with preclinical obesity?
OBESITY-What criteria are recommended for diagnosing clinical obesity?
OBESITY-What is meant by “clinical obesity,” and why is it important?
OBESITY-What is meant by Adiposity-Based Chronic Disease (ABCD)?
OBESITY-What is obesity according to the modern definition?
OBESITY-What is the difference between obesity and Adiposity-Based Chronic Disease?
OBESITY-What is the missing element in how obesity is currently conceptualized?
OBESITY-What is the missing element in how obesity is currently conceptualized?
OBESITY-What is the multifactorial nature of obesity?
OBESITY-What is the prevalence of obesity worldwide?
OBESITY-What is the SAGI procedure?
OBESITY-What is the single anastomosis duodeno-ileal with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S)procedure?
OBESITY-What should public health strategies focus on in combating obesity at the population level?
OBESITY-When was obesity first recognized as a disease?
OBESITY-Which countries have the highest rates of obesity?
OBESITY-Why are body mass index-based measures of obesity considered insufficient for assessing individual health risks?
OBESITY-Why does Adiposity-Based Chronic Disease represent a BMI override?
OBESITY-Why is it important for health professionals to receive training on weight-based bias and stigma?
OBESITY-Why is the debate over obesity’s classification still unresolved?
OBSTRUCTED COLON CANCER-Why is obstructed colon cancer considered a therapeutic emergency?
OCCIPITAL BONE
OCTREOTIDE-When is octreotide used for bleeding esophageal varices?
OLFACTORY NERVE-For which infections can the olfactory nerve serve as a portal of entry?
ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS VITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS (AVK) and INR-Association of warfarin with interfering drugs
ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS VITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS (AVK) and INR-Initiation of warfarin treatment and induction regimen
ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS VITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS (AVK) and INR-subtherapeutic INR in asymptomatic patients
ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS VITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS (AVK) and INR-supratherapeutic INR in asymptomatic patients
ORAL ANTICOAGULANTS VITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS (VKA) and INR-management tips
PAIN DURING BREATH-CAUSES
PAIN DURING EVACUATION-CAUSES
PAIN IN THE ARMS AND HANDS-CAUSES
PAIN IN THE BONES-CAUSES
PAIN IN THE SOLE OF THE FEET-CAUSES
PAIN OF LOWER LIMBS-CAUSES
PALLIATIVE CANCER THERAPY
PALLOR-CAUSES
PARACENTESIS-How is the paracentesis procedure performed?,
PARACENTESIS-What are the complications of paracentesis?,
PARACENTESIS-What are the contraindications for paracentesis?,
PARACENTESIS-What are the diagnostic indications for paracentesis?,
PARACENTESIS-What are the therapeutic indications for paracentesis?,
PARACENTESIS-What is paracentesis?,
PARACENTESIS-What is the purpose of paracentesis?,
Pathophysiology of Shock
PENICILLINS – which antibiotic to use if the patient is allergic to penicillins?
PERFORATED DIVERTICULAR DISEASE-what is the role of laparoscopy in perforated diverticular disease (PDD) ? 
PERFORATED PEPTIC ULCER-what is the role of laparoscopy in perforated peptic ulcer (PPU)?
PERIODIC FEVER SYNDROMES
PERITONITIS-What is the clinical presentation in the presence of peritonitis?
PERIUMBILICAL PAIN-causes
PERMANENT STUFFING OF THE TONGUE (macroglossia)-causes
PERSISTENT COMA-causes of persistent coma
PLATELET TRANSFUSION
Polyarteritis Nodosa
POLYURIA-causes
PORTAL HYPERTENSION-Assessment of surgical risks
PORTAL HYPERTENSION-Portal pressure gradient in the setting of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt insertion
PORTAL HYPERTENSION-Treatment of portal hypertension in extrahepatic portal vein obstruction
PORTAL HYPERTENSIVE GASTROPATHY-Preventing recurrent bleeding
Portal vein thrombosis and portal cavernoma in the absence of cirrhosis-definition
Portal vein thrombosis and portal cavernoma in the absence of cirrhosis-diagnosis
Portal vein thrombosis and portal cavernoma in the absence of cirrhosis-management
Porto-sinusoidal vascular disorder-definition
Porto-sinusoidal vascular disorder-Diagnosis
Porto-sinusoidal vascular disorder-Management
PREDIABETES-diagnostic criteria
PROTHROMBIN TIME
PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS INDUCED WEIGHT GAIN
PUDDLE SIGN
Quiz – Stomach Cancer
Quiz-Acute abdomen
Quiz-Acute appendicitis
Quiz-Colonic diverticulosis
QUIZ-LIPOMA
QUIZ-PARACENTESIS
Quiz-Ulcerative colitis
R ratio
RADIOIODINE THERAPY
RECTAL PROLAPSE-What is rectal prolapse?
RECTUM AND ANUS-How does the arterial supply of the rectum and anus occur?
RED CELL TRANSFUSION
RED MAN SYNDROME
REGIONAL ANESTHESIA
REGURGITATION-What are the main characteristics of regurgitation?
REGURGITATION-What is meant by regurgitation and how is it different from vomiting?
REGURGITATION-What is the role of stomach acid and bile in regurgitation and vomiting?
REGURGITATION-What medical conditions can contribute to regurgitation or rumination?
RENAL ACTINOMYCOSIS
REYE SYNDROME-Complications of Reye’s syndrome
REYE SYNDROME-definition of Reye’s syndrome
REYE SYNDROME-Diagnosis of Reye’s syndrome
REYE SYNDROME-Differential diagnosis of Reye’s syndrome
REYE SYNDROME-Epidemiology of Reye’s syndrome
REYE SYNDROME-Etiology of Reye’s syndrome
REYE SYNDROME-Follow-up of Reye’s syndrome
REYE SYNDROME-laboratory findings in Reye’s syndrome
REYE SYNDROME-Pathological findings of Reye’s syndrome
REYE SYNDROME-Prevention of Reye’s syndrome
REYE SYNDROME-Prognosis of Reye’s syndrome
REYE SYNDROME-Signs and symptoms of Reye’s syndrome
REYE SYNDROME-Treatment of Reye’s syndrome
RIGHT HEART FAILURE-What is the correlation between right heart failure and increased jugular venous pressure (JVP)?
Right lower quadrant abdominal pain-causes
RUMINATION-What is rumination and how is it different from regurgitation?
SCARS-What are common risk factors for developing keloid versus hypertrophic scars?
SCARS-What are the common complications associated with keloid and hypertrophic scars formation?
SCARS-What are the most effective prevention strategies for keloid and hypertrophic scars formation?
SCARS-What are the surgical techniques that minimize risk of excessive scar development?
SCARS-What is the difference between keloid scars and hypertrophic scars?
SCARS-What populations most frequently affected by keloid and hypertrophic scars formation?
SHIFTING ABDOMINAL DULLNESS-How much peritoneal effusion must be present to demonstrate shifting abdominal dullness?
SIGMOID VOLVULUS-treatment algorithm
SLEEPNESS-CAUSES
SMALL BOWEL OBSTRUCTION-what is the role of laparoscopy in small bowel obstruction (SBO)? 
Splanchnic vein thrombosis-Aetiological work-up in primary thrombosis of the portal venous system or hepatic venous outflow tract
SPLEEN TRAUMA-AAST Spleen Trauma Classification
SPLENIC ANGIOEMBOLIZATION-When Is It Safe to Start Thromboprophylaxis After Splenic Angioembolization?
SPLENIC TRAUMA-When should venous thrombosis prophylaxis be initiated in splenic trauma?
STROKE VOLUME-clinical relevance
STROKE VOLUME-what is?
SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH-common causes
SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH-definition
SUDDEN DEATH-What are the criteria for sudden death?
SUPRAPUBIC ABDOMINAL PAIN-causes
SURGICAL CLIPS-Are there alternative materials for surgical clips that are MRI-compatible?
SURGICAL SUTURE – What are the characteristics of an ideal suture?
SURGICAL SUTURE-What are the essential rules in the application of a suture?
SURGICAL SUTURE-What is a surgical suture?
SURGICAL SUTURE-What types of sutures are there?
SURGICAL SUTURE-Why apply a surgical suture?
SUTURE THREADS
SYNCOPE-types of syncope
THERAPEUTIC PLASMAPHERESIS
THORACIC ACTINOMYCOSIS
THORACOSTOMY,
THORACOSTOMY-indications
THORACOSTOMY-procedure steps,
THORACOSTOMY-risks and complications,
THROMBOPROPHYLAXIS-When Is It Safe to Start Thromboprophylaxis After Splenic Angioembolization?
TIETZE SYNDROME
TINNITUS-causes of tinnitus
TITANIUM CLIPS-Are there any long-term complications associated with titanium clips?
TITANIUM CLIPS-Are titanium clips compatible with MRI?
TITANIUM CLIPS-What are the common indications for using titanium clips in surgery?
TITANIUM CLIPS-What are the risks of using titanium clips in patients needing frequent MRI scans?
TRANSAMINASES ELEVATION VALUES-meaning
TRANSIENT HYPERPHOSPHATASEMIA
TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE BLADDER(TCC)-incidence of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
TUMOR MARKERS-list of tumor markers
URETERAL INJURIES-How should partial ureteral lesions be treated?
URETERAL INJURIES-What is the initial management for a contusion of the ureter?
URETERAL INJURIES-What should be done if a partial ureteral injury is diagnosed late?
URETERAL INJURIES-When should ureteral injuries be repaired surgically?
URETHRAL INJURIES-How is delayed urethroplasty managed?
URETHRAL INJURIES-How should blunt anterior urethral injuries be treated?
URETHRAL INJURIES-How should urethral injuries be monitored in follow-up?
URETHRAL INJURIES-What is the approach for posterior urethral injuries associated with pelvic fractures?
URETHRAL INJURIES-What is the initial treatment for traumatic urethral injury?
URETHRAL INJURIES-What is the preferred management for penetrating anterior urethral injuries with small defects?
URETHRAL INJURIES-What is the treatment for penetrating urethral injuries?
UROGENITAL INJURIES-What is the role of delayed imaging in the detection of urinary leaks?
URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID-What is the role of ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of biliary tract stones? 
VENTRAL HERNIA-What are ventral hernias, and what are the different types?
VENTRAL HERNIA-What impact do ventral hernias have on the patient’s quality of life?
VENTRAL HERNIAS-How do primary hernias differ from incisional hernias?
VENTRAL HERNIAS-What are the potential complications of ventral hernias?
VERMIFORM APPENDIX
VERMIFORM APPENDIX-embryology of vermiform appendix
VERMIFORM APPENDIX-function of vermiform appendix
VITAL SIGNS
Vitamin K antagonists
Vomiting
VOMITING-Why is it important to distinguish between nausea, vomiting, regurgitation and rumination?
WASSERMANN REACTION
WOUND DRESSING-Do occlusive dressings increase the risk of infection?
WOUND DRESSING-In which cases should advanced dressings not be used?
WOUND DRESSING-What are the benefits of advanced dressings in wound care?
WOUND DRESSING-What are the economic benefits of using advanced wound dressings?
WOUND DRESSING-What characteristics make an ideal wound dressing?
WOUND DRESSING-What factors influence the choice of the most suitable wound dressing?
WOUND DRESSING-What is the difference between primary and secondary wound dressings?
WOUND DRESSING-What is the main function of wound dressings?
WOUND DRESSING-What solutions are recommended for cleansing surgical and chronic wounds?
WOUND DRESSING-When should a wound dressing be replaced?
WOUND DRESSING-Which antiseptics are recommended for wound dressing and how should they be applied?
WOUND DRESSING-Why are colored solutions such as mercurochrome not recommended?
WOUND DRESSING-Why are topical antibiotics not recommended for wound treatment?
WOUND DRESSING-Why does wound filling need to be balanced?
WOUND DRESSING-Why is it important to cleanse a wound before applying topical treatments?
WOUND HEALING-During which phase of wound healing does collagen deposition primarily occur?
WOUND HEALING-How does a humid environment affect cell migration?
WOUND HEALING-How does autolysis of necrotic tissue occur and what are its advantages?
WOUND HEALING-How does hypoxia contribute to wound healing?
WOUND HEALING-In what way does a humid environment affect scar formation?
WOUND HEALING-What is the function of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in wound healing?
WOUND HEALING-What is the main purpose of the inflammatory phase in wound healing?
WOUND HEALING-What is the mechanism of healing by primary intention?
WOUND HEALING-What is the mechanism of healing by secondary intention?
WOUND HEALING-What is the mechanism of tertiary intention healing?
WOUND HEALING-What is the primary cell type involved in the inflammatory phase of wound healing?
WOUND HEALING-What is the primary function of keratinocytes in wound healing?
WOUND HEALING-What is the primary function of platelets in the initial phase of wound healing?
WOUND HEALING-What is the primary role of endothelial cells in wound healing?
WOUND HEALING-What is the role of angiogenesis in wound healing?
WOUND HEALING-What is the role of fibroblasts in wound healing?
WOUND HEALING-What is the role of macrophages in wound healing?
WOUND HEALING-What is the wound environment and how does it affect healing?
WOUND HEALING-Which cytokine is known to play a significant role in the inflammatory phase of wound healing?
WOUND HEALING-Which factors can delay wound healing?
WOUND HEALING-Which growth factor is most associated with angiogenesis in wound healing?
WOUND HEALING-Which phase of wound healing involves the maturation and reorganization of collagen fibers?
WOUND HEALING-Which phase of wound healing is characterized by clot formation and the release of growth factors?
WOUND HEALING-Which phase of wound healing is characterized by the formation of granulation tissue?
WOUND HEALING-Which phase of wound healing is most affected by chronic inflammation?
WOUND HEALING-Which type of collagen is initially laid down during the proliferative phase of wound healing?
WOUND HEALING-Which vitamin is essential for collagen synthesis in wound healing?
WOUND HEALING-Why is a moist wound environment beneficial for pain control?
WOUND TYPES
WOUND-abnormalities of wound healing
WOUND-Difference between hypertrophic and keloid scar
WOUND-differences between primary and secondary healing
WOUND-factors that influence wound healing
WOUND-management based on the type of wound
WOUND-protocol for acute wound management
WOUND-stages of wound healing
WOUND-Surgical wound healing
WOUND-the goals of treatment
WOUND-wound cleaning classification